Anatomical features of the proximal femur in the Turkish population / Características anatómicas del fémur proximal en la población turca

SUMMARY: Different populations have different genetic traits, and this causes various anatomical features to emerge. Orthopedic implants used in Turkey are generally of Western origin, and these implants are designed based on the anatomical features of Western populations. This study aimed to evaluate the compatibility of existing implants for the Turkish population by revealing the anatomical features of the proximal femurs of individuals from the Turkish population while also constituting a helpful source of data on newly developed implants. A total of 1920 proximal femurs of 960 patients were evaluated via images obtained by Computer Tomography. Twenty patients (10 females and 10 males) for each age within the age range of 18-65 years were included. Femoral head diameter, femoral neck width, femoral neck length, medullary canal width, and collodiaphyseal angle were measured. The right and left femoral head diameter was 46.46±3.84 mm, 46.50 ±3.85 mm respectively. The right and left femoral neck width was 30.63±3.4 mm, 30.85±3.29 mm respectively. The neck length was 94.62±8.33 mm for the right proximal femur, it was 94.75±8.19 mm for the left. The width of the medullary canal was 15.46±2.25 mm for the right proximal femur and 15.53±2.20 mm for the left. The right and left hips, the collodiaphyseal angles were 133.06±2.39° and 133.13±2.36°. Anatomical features of the proximal femur vary according to age, sex, and race. This study may be used as an important resource for the evaluation of patients' compatibility with existing implants and for the design of new implants.

Diferentes poblaciones tienen diferentes rasgos genéticos, y esto hace que surjan varias características anatómicas. Los implantes ortopédicos utilizados en Turquía son generalmente de origen occidental y estos implantes están diseñados en función de las características anatómicas de estas poblaciones. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la compatibilidad de los implantes existentes para la población turca al revelar las características anatómicas de las epífisis proximales de fémures de individuos de la población turca y, al mismo tiempo, constituir una fuente útil de datos sobre implantes recientemente desarrollados. Se evaluaron un total de 1920 fémures proximales de 960 pacientes mediante imágenes obtenidas por tomografía computarizada. Se incluyeron veinte pacientes (10 mujeres y 10 hombres) para cada edad dentro del rango de edad de 18 a 65 años. Se midió el diámetro de la cabeza femoral, el ancho del cuello femoral, la longitud del cuello femoral, el ancho del canal medular y el ángulo colodiafisario. El diámetro de la cabeza femoral derecha e izquierda fue de 46,46 ± 3,84 mm, 46,50 ± 3,85 mm, respectivamente. La anchura del cuello femoral derecho e izquierdo fue de 30,63±3,4 mm, 30,85±3,29 mm, respectivamente. La longitud del cuello fue de 94,62±8,33 mm para el fémur derecho, fue de 94,75±8,19 mm, para el izquierdo. El ancho del canal medular fue de 15,46±2,25 mm para el fémur derecho y de 15,53±2,20 mm para el izquierdo. Las caderas derecha e izquierda, los ángulos colodiafisarios fueron 133,06±2,39° y 133,13±2,36°. Las características anatómicas de la epífisis proximal del fémur varían según la edad, el sexo y la raza. Este estudio puede utilizarse como un recurso importante para la evaluación de la compatibilidad de los pacientes con los implantes existentes y para el diseño de nuevos implantes.

Clinical significance of serum and urinary HER2/neu protein levels in primary non-muscle invasive bladder cancer

Objective: We aimed to compare serum and urinary HER2/neu levels between healthy control group and patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Additionally, we evaluated relationship of HER2/neu levels with tumor stage, grade, recurrence and progression. Materials and Methods: Fourty-four patients with primary non-muscle invasive bladder tumors (Group 2) and 40 healthy control group (Group 1) were included the study. Blood and urinary samples were collected from all patients and HER2/neu levels were measured by ELISA method. Blood and urinary HER2/neu levels and additionally, ratio of urinary HER2/neu levels to urinary creatinine levels were recorded. Demographic data and tumor characteristics were recorded. Results: Mean serum HER2/neu levels were similar between two groups and statistically significant difference wasn't observed. Urinary HER2/neu levels were significantly higher in group 2 than group 1. Ratio of urinary HER2/neu to urinary creatinine was significantly higher in group 2 than group 1, (p=0,021). Serum and urinary HER2/ neu levels were not associated with tumor stage, grade, recurrence and progression while ratio of urinary HER2/neu to urinary creatinin levels were significantly higher in high-grade tumors. HER2/neu, the sensitivity of the test was found to be 20.5%, and the specificity was 97.5%, also for the urinary HER2/neu/urinary creatinine ratio, the sensitivity and specificity of the test were found to be 31.8% and 87.5%, respectively. Conclusions: Urinary HER2/neu and ratio of urinary creatinine urine were significantly higher in patients with bladder cancer compared to healthy subjects. Large series and controlled studies are needed for use as a tumor marker.